Reinterpreting Wisdom-Based Urban Design in Islamic Civilization: From Meaning to Spatial Structure (Case Study: Tabriz)

Abstract

The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial structure of Tabriz and reinterpret it through the lens of Islamic wisdom principles to reveal the interconnection between meaning, identity, and urban form. This research adopted a mixed-methods strategy combining theoretical content analysis, historical document review, and quantitative spatial analysis using GIS. Spatial data included historical maps from three periods, land-use layers, street networks, and the distribution of religious and service spaces within the historic core. Spatial indicators such as centrality (Space Syntax), accessibility, functional density, land-use mix, and historical continuity were applied. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with residents, experts, and scholars of Islamic urbanism, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the Jameh Mosque–Bazaar axis possesses the highest spatial and symbolic centrality, forming a unity-based organizing core. Functional density and spatial justice in the historical core are relatively balanced and correspond to traditional Islamic notions of proportional justice. The Historical Continuity Index shows that a major portion of the bazaar network has remained stable over the past century. Ecological harmony is reflected in the balanced presence of courtyards, open spaces, and semi-open structures throughout the historic fabric. Overall, the spatial configuration of Tabriz embodies key principles of Islamic wisdom such as unity, balance, hierarchy, and justice. The study concludes that Tabriz exhibits a wisdom-centered spatial order in which meaning and form operate in an organic unity, providing a valuable foundation for identity-oriented revitalization of historic Islamic cities today.