Analysis of the Courtyard-Based Spatial Layout System in Qajar-Era Houses (Case Study: Houses of Tehran in the Qajar Period)

Abstract

The introverted layout organized around the courtyard is one of the architectural systems of traditional Iranian houses—a system that, in addition to meeting climatic and functional needs, reflects the cultural and social values of Iranian society. The main problem addressed in the present study is the lack of systematic analyses concerning the spatial layout geometry of these houses and the role of the courtyard as the central element of spatial organization. Today, only a limited number of courtyard-centered houses remain for study, most of which belong to the Qajar period. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying spatial patterns, explaining the logic of introverted organization, and analyzing the position of the courtyard within the spatial structure of historic houses in Tehran. The research method is qualitative–historical–descriptive–analytical, and data were collected through both fieldwork and documentary studies. The research population includes surviving houses from the Qajar period located within Tehran’s historic fabric. From among these, six houses were selected through purposive sampling based on criteria such as their belonging to the Qajar period, preservation of spatial structure, availability of valid and reliable documents, and possession of an introverted spatial organization. Data analysis was conducted through three complementary approaches: spatial analysis, geometric analysis, and comparative analysis of the samples. The findings indicate that in all cases, the courtyard serves as the central and organizing element of space. This structure not only responds to climatic needs such as daylighting and natural ventilation, but also reflects the cultural and social norms of the Qajar era—such as spatial hierarchy, preservation of privacy, gender segregation, and the distinction between andaruni (private) and biruni (public) zones. Common patterns were observed, including the axis of symmetry, the sequence of entrances from public to semi-public and private spaces, the formation of verandas (iwans) on the southern façade or facing the courtyard, and the use of regular geometric order in the plan organization. The results show that the geometry of spatial layout in Qajar houses created an intelligent linkage among climate, culture, and social needs, offering an inspiring model for contemporary Iranian architecture in the pursuit of reviving spatial identity and achieving sustainable design.